Gun Control An Effective Way Of Self Defense - 2101 Words

Gun Control Introduction In the whole of the United States of America, severe debate on gun control has assumed two distinct and unique routes: the legal as well as criminological routes. Criminologists have posed questions regarding whether the several gun controls rules will minimize crime and other improper use of gun, or whether limiting gun control legislation will deny harmless victims of an effective way of self-defense. Legal researchers on gun control have researched on whether the freedom to firearms assurance within the federal structure as well as majority of state constitutional structures present legitimate obstructions to limits or firearm confiscation. The paper examines the issue of gun control in a unique way; to look deeper into the ideological structures of the United States gun control discussion. The legal and criminological viewpoints seem to examine guns rationally. Meaning that they examine the harms and advantages (of course factoring in legal aspects) of individuals ownin g objects which can fire a bullet. It is a fact that significant value of guns (bad or good) entirely depends on their physical features. Based on this the gun in the United States of America is correctly recognized from the angle of practicality, meaning that that the most crucial characteristics of the firearm is its tangible physical features: as a gun can fire a projectile towards an assailant from a distance, making it possible for small bodied individuals toShow MoreRelatedPhysical Strength And Basic Self Defense1701 Words   |  7 PagesSimple Defense In today’s society women are particularly vulnerable to the attack. Muggers, rapists, and stalkers are a constant threat. The need for women to have the ability to defend themselves is immense, but many do not know how. Countless people believe that in order to properly defend themselves, they must study complex martial arts, build enough muscle to punch hard, or carry a gun; however, this is not the case. While these things may be helpful, preventive measures and basic self defenseRead More America Does Not Need Gun Control Essay1318 Words   |  6 Pages Gun control is often considered as an effective means of protecting ordinary citizens. We all want to feel safe, and its easy to ascribe notions of safety to the idea of gun control. Unfortunately, feeling safe and actually being safe can be very different things. Gun control sounds wonderful in theory: no guns means no shootings. If only it were that simple. When one considers some of the worst shootings and gun-re lated crimes in recent history, its peculiar to realize how often theseRead MoreEssay On Gun Violence In Memphis1462 Words   |  6 Pagesincreasing gun violence in Memphis? I say ban all guns, because in recent years gun violence has escalated and has become an epidemic not only in our communities, but all over the world. Something must be done to decrease the number of deaths and injuries that occurs from gun violence. For many years now Memphis, TN, the city where I go to school has been nationally known as a city that is plagued by violence ranking second to Washington D.C. when it comes to violent crimes committed by guns. StudiesRead MoreThe Rights Of Gun Control1263 Words   |  6 PagesGun control has been a controversial issue for many years. A vast majority of citizens believe that if gun control is strictly enforced it would quickly reduce the threat of crime. Many innocent people feel they have the right to bear arms for protection, or even just the pleasure of huntin g. Americans have a constitutional right to own hand guns and stricter laws and licensing will not affectively save lives. The second amendment states â€Å"A well regulated militia, being necessary to the securityRead MoreBanning Handguns Is Not The Answer1671 Words   |  7 PagesGun control is a growing issue, as more and more tragedies occur throughout our nation each and every day. While many people believe that our country should place more restrictions and bans on guns to protect citizens and prevent the great amount of adversity present within our nation, others feel that banning guns is not the answer when examining the hardship that guns cause. They believe that banning guns is ineffective and will only create more problems, putting innocent lives at a higher riskRead More Gun Control Laws Take Guns Away from Law-abiding Citizens Essay1293 Words   |  6 Pages Gun control is a very big issue in the United States today. Many people dont agree with the gun control laws that they have today. Gun control laws only take guns away from law-abiding citizens. Many people have their own reasons f or owning a gun. Why would the government want to make it harder for people to own a gun? People that own guns are not very likely to be attacked by criminals. Owning a handgun is one of the best ways of protection. The second amendment states the right to bearRead MoreThe Effects Of Gun Control On Crime, Self Defense, And Behavior1237 Words   |  5 Pagesincreases as gun become more readily available. Others believe guns as the way to protect against any criminal violence. This research paper attempts to answer the question: How does the availability of firearms impact the security of the U.S.? The answer to this question is that the nation s security is unaffected by gun control. No one is safer or more in danger with guns being available. This paper will show the effect of gun availability on crime, self defense, and behavior. Guns for the useRead MorePersuasive Essay On Gun Control1687 Words   |  7 Pagesayehu Yitbarek Levell English 121-325/S25 04/20/2017 Gun Control Gun control is a controversial and important issue all over the world. A gun, as a weapon for defense and protection, has been misused by many resulting in unlawful acts. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, dedicated protect public health and safety, in 2010, there were roughly 31,670 gun-related deaths in the U.S. About 11,100 were homicides (35%) and about 19,400 (61%) were suicides (Jim). Every day, a lotRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Gun Control1047 Words   |  5 Pages In the United States today, gun control is one of the most hot button issues in the political and social world. The debate on whether or not current gun laws are strict enough, what types of guns should be sold, and if they should be sold at all, is a large and ongoing one. While there are two very polarly different sides to the debate. The side of the debate, that aims to promote gun control is aiming to put a stop to the gun violence. However, Gun control or a gun ban, or even a complet e repealRead MoreControversial Gun Control Laws882 Words   |  4 PagesGun control is one of the oldest laws dating back to the early 1800’s. It was approved in the southern part of the United States. During this period, the Georgia administration banned handguns, but the Supreme Court cancelled the law after some time due to the second amendment. The second amendment of the United States which says â€Å"A well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed.† has secured certain gun

The Effects Of Disfluencies And Social Anxiety - 2773 Words

The Influence of Disfluencies and Social Anxiety There has been a considerable amount of research conducted that suggests that individuals who experience disfluency of speech are more likely to experience more social anxiety when situated in social gatherings or social interactions. Current research has suggested that the relationship between social anxiety and disfluency to be is to be a complex one. Some researchers suggest that anxiety is a by-product of disfluency (Ezrati- Vinacour Levin 2004). While others view anxiety as the main cause of disfluencies (Kraaimaat, Vanryckeghem, Van Dam-Baggen, 2002; Mahr Torosian, 1999). Some researchers also view social anxiety as a general stress trait (Ezarti-Vinacour, 2004). However, there have been studies that failed to find that people who exhibit disfluency of speech are significantly more anxious than fluent speakers (Ezrati- Vinacour Levin 2004). To date research suggests that the relationship between the two still remains unclear due to differing methods and flaws in experimen tal controls. There is a lack of consistency across studies (Mahr Torosian, 1999). It is important to establish how disfluency and social anxiety are influenced together. Therefore, the purpose of this study is too establish how fluency of speech differs when involved in different social anxiety situations. Speaking in front of crowds or to strangers can be difficult for those who display disfluency of speech such as: stuttering andShow MoreRelatedStuttering Is A Communication Disorder That Involuntary Effects The Fluency Of Speech1479 Words   |  6 PagesStuttering Stuttering is a communication disorder that involuntary effects the fluency of speech. Disfluencies in speech include both â€Å"nonstuttered† and â€Å"stuttered† disfluencies. â€Å"Nonstuttered† disfluencies include interjections, revisions, phrase repetitions, and other. Everyone produces disfluencies in their speech at times making â€Å"nonstuttered† disfluencies more typical in speech. â€Å"Stuttered† disfluencies are less typical and include word repetitions, sound/syllable repetitions, prolongationsRead MoreStuttering Is The Most Common Speech Disorder1116 Words   |  5 Pages For a person who suffers from stuttering just the simple anticipation of a disfluency occurring can have a person filled with fear, anxiety and even anger. Stuttering can prevent people from wanting to engage in social situations with the fear of embarrassment that their disorder can cause them. Stuttering is a fluency disorder which causes interruptions in the flo w of speech. These interruptions are called disfluencies and can affect people of all ages. Although more than 70 million people stutterRead MoreChildhood Stuttering : A Narrative Review1553 Words   |  7 PagesChildhood Stuttering: A Narrative Review Yaruss (2004) introduces childhood stuttering as a communication disorder characterized by atypical disfluencies that interrupt the smooth flow of speech. Some disfluencies, such as phrase repetitions, revisions, interjections, and pauses, are common in the speech of typically developing children; however, atypical disfluencies such as prolongations, blocks, and part or whole-word repetitions may be indicative of developmental, or childhood, stuttering (YarussRead MoreDomestic Violence : Violence Between Adult Intimate Partners1632 Words   |  7 Pagesworthy of seeking help, or they rationalize the abuse, believing they caused or deserve it. Police complain that often when they arrest an abuser, the victims want them to drop the charges. Effects of Domestic Violence Long-term effects of domestic violence on women who have been abused may include: †¢ anxiety †¢ chronic depression †¢ chronic pain †¢ death †¢ dehydration †¢ dissociative states †¢ drug and alcohol dependence †¢ eating disorders †¢ emotional over-reactions to stimuli †¢ general emotionalRead More65 Successful Harvard Business School Application Essays 2nd Edition 147256 Words   |  190 Pagescircumstances and discovered that many lacked ideas to engage their little siblings or felt uncomfortable interacting outside the university community.. In response to these concerns, I developed a plan to organize and advertise various on-campus group social activities. I excitedly outlined the projects various benefits and offered to coordinate the groups efforts, thereby overcoming the directors initial skepticism regarding the time commitment required. I organized the directors into pairs to brainstorm

Benefits of EHR Systems †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Benefits of EHR Systems. Answer: Introduction: The business context for medical services is discussed in the context of a general practitioner; general practice provides continuing, individual focused, thorough and facilitated whole person medical services to people and families within their communities. The practice groups and their essential human relationships connections of general practice as a sector entail the establishments of a health care system that is successful and also effective. As a relationship based authority restorative teach, general practice clinicians are characterized by the attributes of their train, which are: Individual centredness: general professionals comprehend that wellbeing, ailment, and sickness are at last individual encounters and that their primary part is to ease individual infection in every one of its structures, in the way most appropriate to every person. The patient's needs, values and wanted wellbeing results dependably stay integral to the general professionals assessment and administration forms (The Royal Australian College of General Practitioners,n.d.). congruity of care: long haul connections construct common information, comprehension, and trust: every fundamental component in a restorative relationship which produces the potential for mending, strengthening and helpful change. General experts try to construct wellbeing, prosperity and versatility through the proceeding with patient-specialist relationship, utilization of best accessible confirmation in the one of a kind setting of every interview, and arranged coordination of clinical collaboration, assets and administrations. Comprehensive individual care: The general expert is a doctor, advisor, backer and specialist of progress for people, families and their groups. Demonstrative and restorative expertise: general professionals' abnormal state indicative and remedial abilities connected inside proceeding with connections convey financially savvy mind that is exceptionally esteemed by patients. The general professional is progressively the caretaker of, and course for, key patient clinical data. Continuous quality improvement of health-care services that is human-centered Clinical, professional, and ethical standards; practitioners must comprehend the financial and ecological determinants of wellbeing and the commitment made by other health care experts Advocacy, leadership, and equity : GPs add to the development of their train as indicated by individual interests, abilities and conditions through differing inclusions in educating, mentorship, and research General practice is an exceptional practice that provides a means for complete care and recovery, centered on the individual (The Royal Australian College of General Practitioners,n.d.) Therefore, health-care providers need a means for managing patient historical data, from collection (capture), storage, and access and ensuring this information is safe and secure and can be shared with related agents, such s insurance bodies, on a needs basis. Solution space vendor and software There are many EHR vendors within Australia; however, for this report, the top vendor In terms of practices using their services is discussed. The top EHR vendor in Australia is EpicTM, which has its EHR system used by over 101200 health care providers. Apart from being the largest vendor it is also the oldest, having been established in 1979 and caters to health-care centers of the medium to large categories (in terms of size), as well as children's facilities and medical educational institutions. According to ratings by KLAS, Epic has consistently emerged tops for the past five years to 2017 in terms of product quality, cost, support, patient outcomes, and meeting the operational and technical requirements of the health care providers (CureMD, 2017). Their EHR software is quick and easy to implement, use, and has high interoperability with other systems and applications, including insurance and imaging as well as with other medical teaching and research institutions. The EHR softwa re has open an architecture that comprises a Windows Services Suite; the suite comprises a web application, everywhere solutions, proxy services, print and relay services, a database for interconnectivity, and a prescription service. It also comprises an on-line transaction processing solution (OLTP) to support transactions over the Internet where data can be entered, and financial transactions handled. It has a customer relationship management function that can be achieved on the web and information sharing with other bodies such as insurance, for billing processing. The Epic EHR offer a common language for communication in the e Health arena, a CIM (conceptual information model), based on an interoperability platform as well as a cloud platform for remote and virtual access and backup for security and disaster recovery Epic EHR is a feature rich software application that offer ambulatory EMR (electronic medical records), a software for the management of medical practice, applications for outside practice, including PHR (personal health-care records), mobile applications and portals. Its EHR provides inpatient EMR solutions that cover all specialties and departments within medium to large hospitals. It includes services for patient registration and accounting, hospital billing, ADT, and a CR to enhance the customer experience (Customer service). It also includes an integrated ambulatory care features for affiliated clinics and physicians, allowing information exchange and sharing. While its services are not geared towards small practitioners, it has a feature that allows them to piggy back on the Epic EHR. It provides community health care providers and hospitals with the benefit of shared records and excellent technical resources at a lower cost compared to them hosing their own EHR/ EMR. For patie nts, it provides a patient portal (My Chart) from where patients can make schedules for appointments, print charts, and obtain results, all for free. The EHR incorporates a scalable EHR that provides a backbone for integrated medical services; it is a stable solution that is also fast and premised on a robust technology that allows for EMR, patient data capture, image management, appointments management, billing and financial management, human resources management and scheduling, prescription management, bed management, and general in and outpatient solutions. Having Epic EHR requires one to have a computer terminal; if it is a large facility, a server is necessary and a network to interconnect other workstations/ access points; the network allows for anywhere access. Even mobile devices such as tablets and mobiles can be used with the Epic EHR. A network (Internet) is necessary to take advantage of the cloud computing solutions that is integrated into it; in general, a robust IT infrastructure backbone is necessary for its operations. There are risks to implementing Epic EHR, given that it is an off-the shelf EHR; there are always challenges in interoperability with some information technologies, for instance, use of debit or credit cards for payments. The set up and maintenance costs can be way high for the average health care practice, given it focuses on medium to large facilities. Because of a host of features, its productivity may suffer if it is not well configured. There is always bound to be the risk of empty data fields and violations of personal information access and sharing as it stores sensitive information (Thakkar Davis, 2006). Epic EHR has an average operating margin of $ 8820, higher than the general industry average; the cost of Epic for a five hospital 300 bed facility will cost $ 52 million (Jhangiani, 2016). References 'Cure MD' (2017). Top EHR/EMR Software Vendors of 2017. Retrieved April 28, 2017, from https://www.curemd.com/top-ehr-vendors/ Jhangiani, N. (2016, February 10). Why are hospitals choosing Epic over other EHR vendors? Retrieved April 28, 2017, from https://ehrintelligence.com/news/why-are-hospitals-choosing-epic-over-other-ehr-vendors Thakkar, M., Davis,, D. (2006). Risks, Barriers, and Benefits of EHR Systems: A Comparative Study Based on Size of Hospital . Retrieved April 28, 2017, from https://library.ahima.org/PdfView?oid=65614 The Royal Australian College of General Practitioners. (n.d.). The Royal Australian College of General Practitioners. Retrieved April 28, 2017, from https://www.racgp.org.au/becomingagp/what-is-a-gp/what-is-general-practice/

United they stand, divided they fall Essay Example For Students

United they stand, divided they fall Essay However useful scientific and historical explanations may be in predicting outcomes, there comes a time where neither one is favourable over the other, and even when the two work conjunctively, an explanation cannot be formed. When my apartment was broken into around two months ago, despite my bewilderment and disbelief of the situation, the manager stood firm on the grounds that the building locks were impenetrable, and that the burglar could only have gotten in with a copy of our keys. He also stated that it was virtually impossible to break in if the upper lock, which was guarded by a sturdy brass plate, was locked. He also reasoned that the building was under constant surveillance, and tenants were advised not to let anyone follow them through the entrance to the building. As the appropriate conclusion to the premises, and also taking into account my less than fully mature countenance, he deduced that in my carelessness I had forgotten to lock the door that day, and some delinquent had taken advantage of that. Albeit a reasonable and logical explanation from his perception, yet on that day I was above all certain that I had dutifully locked both locks before leaving, and had checked to make sure, once again rendering it impossible to break in without a key, which was also not likely since my father and I both presented the only keys to the apartment upon investigation. All of this conflicted with the managers reasoning. However, during the investigation my resourceful father also recounted an instance where I, in my hurry to get to school, had left the door wide open upon departure. We will write a custom essay on United they stand, divided they fall specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now This provided the manager with a seemingly sound historical explanation that if I was capable of carelessness once, under similar circumstances I would also have that capacity. My emotional refutal of that claim did eventually clear my name, but to this day we have yet to find out who was it, and how they could have broken in and taken everything in our apartment that was worth anything. Some may argue that scientific and historical explanations are distinct and immiscible since they address different areas of knowledge. Science is more concerned with seeking universal laws to explain the phenomenons of the physical world. History, on the other hand, deals with unique and particular scenarios, and even with the deduction of a general law, cannot be further applied and extrapolated to every situation. Both of these explanations rise from the human desire to know ones surrounding environment and being able to not only account but to also account for their past actions. Not only will a good explanation accomplish both of these outcomes, it must also incorporate the two kinds of explanations discussed when perceiving and analyzing the situation. When the two are united they hold true, and divided they fall as an incomplete inference. Word count: 1396 Bibliography Doskoch, Bill. What are the Warning Signs of a Possible Recession? CTV News. 2009. 26 ddd January, 2009. 12 April, 2009. http://www. ctv. ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/ 20080125/recession_symptoms_080125/20080126/. Hempel, Carl. Aspects of Scientific Explanation and Other Essays in the Philosophy of ddddScience. New York: The Free Press, 1995. Hempel, Carl. The Function of General Laws in History. The Journal of Philosophy 39 dddd(1942): 38-45. Murzi, Mauro. Carl Gustav Hempel (1905-1997). The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 2009. 12 April, 2009 http://www. iep. utm. edu/h/hempel. htm. Stanford, Michael. A Companion to the Study of History. Oxford: Blackwell, 1994. 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Top 10 High Paying Allied Health Careers For People With No Degree

Top 10 High Paying Allied Health Careers For People With No Degree Allied health jobs make up about 60% of the healthcare workforce, and will probably continue to be a huge part of the industry, with millions of new jobs added in years to come. They usually have fewer educational requirements than other jobs in healthcare, and leave open lots of room for advancement. And the certification and education required can often be acquired online through an accredited institution. Here are 10 of the most high-paying jobs in this field that you can get without having a college degree- and their median salaries.1. Dental Hygienist: $71kHelp steer patients toward good dental- and overall health. You’ll need an accredited associate’s degree program in order to take  the exams required to earn your credentials and get licensed. Eventually, you might want to pursue more advanced degrees.2. Registered Nurse: $66kGet in with your associate’s and advance by earning your bachelor’s degree in this in-demand profession. As nurses are in s uch high demand, many employers will help you with tuition to advance.3. Diagnostic Medical Sonographer: $66kYou’ll need a good grasp of math and physics to take pictures of patients’ insides, and some employers require professional certification. But you can usually land this job with an associate’s or post-secondary certificate.4. Occupational Therapy Assistant (OTA): $55kAssist an occupational therapist to get a hold within an in-demand profession. This job has super high growth and only requires a license and an associate’s to start.5. Medical Equipment Repairer: $44kAlso called â€Å"biomedical equipment technicians,† these folks typically need an associate’s degree in biomedical tech or engineering, but these positions do allow for flexible scheduling and nontraditional hours.6. Phlebotomist: $31.9kGet yourself a post-secondary certificate from a phlebotomy program, and get started drawing patients’ blood for lab testing.7. Surg ical Technologist: $45kOnly a few states regulate the educational requirements for this field. You’ll only need a post-secondary certificate or an associate’s degree to assist surgeons during operations, prepare the operating theatre, and assist in post-op care.8. Radiology/MRI Technician: $67.3kRadiologic techs will often be required to have an associate’s degree, as will MRI techs. It is also possible to begin as a radiologic tech and then specialize in operating MRI machinery as your career develops.9. Medical Records and Health IT: $38.8kMedical records and health information technicians need an associate’s or a post-secondary certificate. Many employers will require professional certification. There are kids coming out of fancy four-year colleges who will earn less!10. Clinical Lab Tech: $49kClinical laboratory technicians make great money for only being required to begin with an associate’s degree. Just don’t confuse this job with that of a laboratory technologist, who makes more money, but would require a bachelor’s degree. This job is also projected to grow 18% in the coming few years. So get in while the going’s good.

Publish Your Short Story and Poetry Submissions HERE

Publish Your Short Story and Poetry Submissions HERE Top Places Accepting Short Story and Poetry Submissions in 2019 When it comes to becoming a successful author, sending short story submissions or poetry submissions to open publications is the equivalent of learning to walk before you run. It gives you experience appealing to editors, helps you build your writer’s resume, allows you to reach an audience - and, notably, gives you the opportunity to get paid for your writing. In other words, it can be an incredibly useful and accessible stepping stone for launching your writing career.The following is a list of our favorite publications currently accepting short story and poetry submissions in 2019.Poetry SubmissionsResources to help you nail your short story and poetry submissionsWhile these publications are some of our favorites, there are hundreds of other places you can submit your writing. Search for them here:The Best Writing Contests of 2019The Best Literary Magazines of 2019Or maybe you’re still working on your writing, and are not quite sure if it’s ready to send out to the world yet. If that’s the case, here are a few resources to help:Browse through hundreds of editors who work on poetry and short fictionFinally, maybe you’re still at step one: you haven’t started writing yet and are waiting for inspiration to strike. Don’t worry, we’ve got you covered there as well:200+ Short Story Ideas100 + Creative Writing Exercises500+ Creative Writing PromptsWhat are some of the challenges or success you’ve experienced while sending out poetry and short submissions? Leave any thoughts or questions in the comments below!

Anheuser Busch and Harbin Brewery Group of China Essay

Anheuser Busch and Harbin Brewery Group of China - Essay Example It is because of this fact that no particular local player emerged as the leading national beer producer in the country. The government intervention in the market is not up to that extent as normally considered by outside players. Since the industry experience very small margins and mushrooming of the low cost producers of regional level therefore there is a greater threats of substitutes for AB to enter into the market. As discussed in the case that no international beer brand has been able to make in-roads into Chinese Consumers subtly suggest the level of strong presence of substitutes developed according to the taste buds of the local consumers. The lack of market space for the leading beer brands of the world suggest that the substitutes have strong presence in the market and pose a greater threat. The threats of substitutes are from moderate to High. If the basic use of beer is just to quench the thirst of the consumer than the threats of substitution can be high however since Chinese consumer prefer to have some level of liquor in it therefore the scope of substitutes get bigger as wine and liquor products also become direct substitutes of our products. It has been the strategy of Chinese government to allow the entry into the Chinese Market through the formation of Joint ventures with the local companies in order to help the local players to gain technology and management expertise. Thus the biggest barrier to the entry into the market is the fact that companies looking for making in-roads into the Chinese Markets have to find local players to pair with as they themselves cannot start the sort of Greenfield projects. The current experiences in the Chinese Market suggest that the companies that have brought in foreign capital in the country has been not been able to sustain in the longer run therefore they have to look for the local players to take over their stakes in the

OZONE DEPLETION Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

OZONE DEPLETION - Essay Example n with focus on chemical aspects such as composition and properties, causes of ozone depletion, chemical actions that define depletion, and chemical effects of ozone depletion. Ozone is a chemical substance, existing in molecular state and consisting or three oxygen atoms. It is a product of chemical reactions and because of its unstable condition, can easily dissociate if triggered. Its formation begins with dissociation of an oxygen molecule to form oxygen atoms through the following path and under ultra violet radiation. The process occurs under photochemical dissociation and the oxygen atoms react with oxygen molecules in the presence of stabilizing factors, such as nitrogen molecules and oxygen molexules, to form the ozone. Ready availsbility of oxygen molecules from which dissociation occurs means ease of formation of the ozone gas. the following equations shows the reaction into formation of ozone (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 2010, p. 1). The ozone can also dissociate easily in the presence of such catalysts as nitrogen monoxide, chloride atoms, and chloro-fluoro carbons. The following equation shows the dissociation that also defines depletion of the ozone. The ozone is therefore a chemical substance whose existence also depend on other chemicals in its environment. the other chemicals may facilitate formation of the ozone, as oxygen and nitrogen molecules do, of may facilitate dissociation as do chlorine atoms and chloro-fluoro carbons (Columbia University n.d., p. 1). Ozone is an unstable chemical and easily dissociated into oxygen molecules, in the presence of catalysts. It also has a short half life and therefore dissociates independently to characterize depletion. This means that its continuous formation and minimal chemical dissociation are necessary for stability in its volume. Ozone is also soluble in water and the solubility is a factor of both temperature and concentration. it its gaseous state, higher concentration of

Partnership and Norms Essay Example for Free

Partnership and Norms Essay Partner selection and dating is an imperative basis in an individual’s accomplishment of one of his psychosocial needs. Selecting a partner and the process of dating is crucial in determining the quality and nature of future relationships and marital decisions. According to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, as represented by a pyramid which indicates the basic needs of man and its importance in self-actualization, the third most significant need of man is the need to belong and be loved by others (Huitt, 2004). An individual’s need to become an accepted and valuable part of society, and the need to affiliate with people of the opposite sex, is an innate characteristic of man. Therefore, selecting a partner becomes an important decision that one must make based on the most convenient choice. These choices, however, vary under various circumstances, as it is influenced by society, culture, priorities, experiences, etc. For instance, differing concepts and perceptions about love vary for individuals; therefore their decisions in selecting a partner also vary. One’s concept of love, dating, partner selection, relationship, marriage, etc. may be influenced by social factors. Society often dictates standards and norms of dating. For example, individuals who live in a society which values social status and the preservation of this particular position in society practices arranged marriages. This is usually true, especially during the age of kingdoms and monarchs. Partner selection and dating may also be influenced by culture. In ancient China, marrying individuals from different cultural backgrounds was forbidden. In this case, race and cultural compatibility becomes influential in choosing a partner. At present, however, choosing a partner and the rules of dating have changed and have evolved into a more liberal milieu. Individuals have acquired the freedom to choose partners and date, depending on their personal views and perceptions of love, relationship, and marriage as formed by their priorities and experience, such as emphasizing importance on educational attainment, occupational status, etc. These choices and priorities are backed up theories which explains once social and personal construct regarding the matter. For instance, idolizing a parent influences individuals to choose partners with characteristics similar to their parents, etc. There are a lot of significant information that pertains to partner selection and dating (Mohatta, 2006), however, the main point is that choices and decisions being made regarding an individual’s selection of a partner, setting up of dating rules and principles to live by, reasons for staying in or leaving a relationship, going into marriage, etc. vary depending on several factors, such as culture, environment, society, family, personal choices and experiences, priorities, etc. Similar to partner selection and dating, sexual norms and sexual relationships also vary depending on one’s culture and perceptions. Two different societies were mentioned and described in the lecture which greatly explains the variation between these two societies regarding sexual norms and practice. The main argument stated herein is that an individual’s concept and perception of sex is learned from the society where he belongs. This is proved by the obvious knowledge that children, as young as they are, do not understand nor have ideas and contributions pertaining to issues and discussions regarding sex. Therefore, individuals gather the idea, perception, meaning, and importance of sex from the environment. For instance, a family environment which is not open about the idea of talking about sex with their children because members of the family regard it as a wrong deed is passed on to their children. In contrast, a society open to sex education, especially in educational institutions, allows students to acquire knowledge about sexual norms and practices, leading them to become aware of all its aspects. This can be important in informing students about sexually transmitted diseases, teenage pregnancy, safe sex, etc. With these alarming issues, most especially the high rate of individuals who acquire AIDS from numerous sexual encounters, or teenagers facing the responsibility of motherhood and parenting, more societies are accepting and pushing for the administration of sexual education in educational institutions. On the other hand, religious institutions are battling this societal move by reiterating their disapproval of the use of contraceptives, as encouraged by sex education, based on religious teachings and principles (Villaviray-Giolagon, 2007). Therefore, students who absorb information learned from sexual education may start to become open-minded about sexual responsibility; while on the other hand, churchgoers strengthen their stand for abstinence and marriage before sexual interaction. These two opposing viewpoints from educational institution and the religious institutions illustrate how an individual’s idea and perception of sexual norms and sexual relationships vary depending on environment.

Ben Franklin Essay -- essays research papers

Benjamin Franklin stands tall among a small group of men we call our Founding Fathers. Ben used his diplomacy skills to serve his fellow countrymen. His role in the American Revolution was not played out on the battlefields, but rather in the halls and staterooms of governments. His clear vision of the way things should be, and his skill in both writing and negotiating, helped him to shape the future of the United States of America. His most important service was as a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1787. Although it was not accepted, he is reported to have been the author of the single legislative Assembly, instead of two branches. Other statesmen have considered bicameral assembly preferable, and which have since been adopted in all the States of the Union, as, well as in other countries where the experiment of popular forms has been tried. There is no doubt that this was a favorite theory with him, because he explained and gave his reasons for it on another occasion. T he perpetual conflict between the two branches under the proprietary government of Pennsylvania, in which the best laws after having been passed by the Representatives of the people were constantly defeated by the veto of the Governor and Council, seems to have produced a strong impression on his mind. He also referred to the British Parliament as a proof that the voice of the people expressed by their representatives is often silenced by an order of men in the legislature, who have interests to s...

Beauty and the Labor Market

Since ancient times, man and woman alike value beauty in the same level as they value their possessions and even their family. This is easily seen in works of art, in works of poetry and other forms of literature that praise beauty. Balladeers have sung its ability to intoxicate more potent than wine and its capacity influence man and his many endeavors.The subject of beauty is very important in human history because the human race is given to marriage and it is the reproduction of children that allows the said specie to continually dominate the earth. It is therefore not surprising how much money and effort is given to the pursuit of beauty and the celebration of the same.In the late 20th century, two men, Daniel Hamermesh and Jeff Biddle were also stricken by the allure of beauty but pursued it from a unique angle. These two researchers proposed the idea that if discrimination – with regards to race, nationality, etc. – exists in the workplace then there is surely dis crimination when it comes to an employees good looks or the lack thereof.Both men went further as to say that good looks not only allowed men and women possessing of this enviable quality to get good jobs but they also are able to increase their income more successfully than those whom Hamermesh and Biddle described as homely in appearance. But before proceeding to find evidence or contradictions that will shoot down their thesis, Hamermesh and Biddle went on a lengthy discussion strengthening their position that there is indeed a way to do an empirical study of the said subject matter.MethodologyHamermesh and Biddle were right on target when they remarked in the beginning of the paper that there is no going forward without having established the fact that beauty can be measured. The first thing that they did was to look for related literature that would support their claim that beauty can be measured statistically.They went further as to say that not only does beauty a trait that c an be measured scientifically but more importantly, perception or standards of beauty is something that does not abruptly change or shift easily in a short period of time. In other words a generation or two of Europeans, Americans, and Canadians will have the same standard of beauty at least in the 20th century when the study was made.Then Hamermesh and Biddle scrutinized the methodology used in the multiple tests to determine a â€Å"beauty standard† and they were satisfied with what they learned. In fact, in Part II of their study they made the following discovery:Within a culture at a point in time there is tremendous agreement on standards of beauty,and these standards change quite slowly. For example, respondents ranging in age from seven to fifty who were asked to rank the appearance of people depicted in photographs showed very high correlation in their rankings (see Background portion of study).Now, in order to make their study reliable and the results credible Hamerm esh and Biddle made their case airtight by looking closely at their respondents and the other variables that would affect their results significantly. An example of this is the exclusion of those who have questionable health status for this would surely affect their performance and would have made the study unreliable to say the least.But both men did not stop there they also presented other factors that would have made their analysis unacceptable. They pointed to the fact that there can be other forces involved in the hiring of employees possessing above-average good looks. And these are namely: 1) there are industries that require good looking people and 2) in the case of overcrowding a manager may use the criteria of good looks to choose among the many applicants competing for limited jobs.SignificanceThe world of business is surely indebted to Hamermesh and Biddle and those who wanted to offer something new to the growing body of knowledge concerning what would increase the prod uctivity of a particular enterprise. In the beginning of this study the two proponents were correct in saying that in the area of discrimination in the workplace there is very little if at all, a systematic analysis on the effect of a person’s looks on the quality of job that he or she will get and subsequently the degree of success that will be achieved in his or her lifetime.This study is also helpful in providing more data to those seeking to resolve issues concerning an employers alleged discriminatory actions with regards to an employee unable to rise atop the corporate ladder due to the misfortune of being born with a rather homely appearance. This study would form the foundation of future inquiries as to the role of beauty in the corporate world.AnalysisThe study was a great challenge for the two researchers because they decided to tackle something as difficult as trying to catch the wind with bare hands. They aimed for the impossible – to measure beauty and ugl iness. If this is not enough their study was made more complicated by putting another hurdle and it is to understand the correlation between beauty – or the lack thereof – and productivity in the workplace.It does not need further discussion to conclude that beauty is in the eye of the beholder and that what is attractive to one culture may be offensive to another. In fact a mere two hundred year gap in history is enough to totally transform standards of beauty. The researchers admitted early on when they cited that paintings made in the 17th century depicted a rather different standard when it comes to what feature makes a beautiful man or woman when being compared to what is celebrated today in the media and the arts.But they pulled off a rather convincing argument using a highly controlled study where people from all ages – 7 years old to fifty years old – where able to demonstrate that indeed for a given generation there is a standard of beauty that d oes not change even after the passage of time. Here is the beginning of their problem.They said so themselves that in the time of the famous artist Rubens beauty is measured by the plumpness of the lady and not by the reed thin supermodels that are highly esteemed in modern times. So how can they be certain that their standard does not change after thirty years or more? Moreover, they have concluded that either Canadians have a slight difference in their outlook regarding beautiful people or that they are not comfortable in being brutally frank when it comes to judging another person’s appearance. This shows subjectivity arising from differences in culture etc.Now, for the sake of argument, this paper will allow that Hamermesh and Biddle were both correct in their analysis that there is indeed a standard of beauty that is both measurable and unchanging. Then this will lead the discussion to another perceived weakness in their work which is the fact that they conducted their s tudy within European culture and there is no data to support the fact that they considered the preference of Asians.Another possible weakness in their methodology is the fact that they were not able to clearly establish the standard of beauty in a way that their study could be replicated in the future and in different regions of the world. What occurred was that in order for their results to be accepted as scientific then they would have to assemble a similar group of respondents every time they would try to replicate their study in other locations outside the U.S. or Canada.Another problematic aspect of the study is the fact that a person uses more than beauty to complete a job. Mental capabilities and social skills play a major role in the development of a person’s career. The study is not that complex to separate intelligence quotient and beauty. There is no way to just simply observe beauty in action apart from the use of mental faculties.Throughout the course of the rese arch the duo were struggling in putting together a very convincing argument that indeed beauty alone is the major factor in achieving success. There are just too many variables involved in the process of doing a job whatever it may be. In the end Hamermesh and Biddle were almost back to square one for they were not able to come up with anything that is radically new except for reinforcing the already known idea that there are some jobs that require attractive people in order to be more productive.Hamermesh and Biddle tried an escape route by saying that they do not have to demonstrate the validity of their claim because according to them people spend a lot of time and money in grooming aids and purchase of good clothes in order to enhance their physical beauty. But it can be argued that grooming and beauty are two different things. A celebrity which many considers beautiful can wear a plain shirt and still people would find her attractive.Hamermesh and Biddle were both correct in th eir final analysis that there is a need to study, â€Å"†¦relationships between looks and earning within particular narrowly – defined occupations† (see Part VIII).   Moreover there is a need to extend the timeline of their study to determine if attractive employees were able to sustain a high level of success and that their increase in income is not merely a result of a quick promotion because the manager was biased to people with good looks but soon regretted his actions when he found out about their performance.Works CitedHamermesh, D. & Biddle, J. Beauty and the LabourMarket. American Economic Review 84.5(1994): 1174-1194.

Effects of Computer Essay

There is no doubt that technology has become a significant part of people’s lives nowadays. It has become a daily part of people’s routine whether it is at home or at the workplace. At this time, people, especially the young ones, are caught up with mobile phones, television sets, gaming consoles, music players, and other electronic gadgets. Many people cannot leave their houses without their mobile phones or music players. However, the technology that probably has the most effect on today’s society is the computer. Almost all households own a computer or a portable laptop, which is used for personal reasons. Throughout the world, companies utilize the computer to run their businesses. One of the effects that computers have made to society is the ability to communicate effortlessly. This is made possible through the use of other technologies including the Internet. People who are separated by long distances are now able to talk, send instant messages or emails with just a few clicks. There is no need to wait for days for a handwritten letter to arrive. People do not need to spend on long distance calls because computers would allow them to chat and view their loved ones over the Internet. Indeed, computers have crossed the gap that distance has made. â€Å"The ability to communicate across cultures, across national boundaries, relatively quickly, and with unfettered freedom of speech has forever changed the way in which people live† (Odom, 2004, p. 25). Computers did not only made communication between loved ones easier but also, it made communication among colleagues and workers much easier. A large amount of papers is saved everyday because employees do not have to print documents and letters all the time. Now that computers and networking are available, employees only need to send emails or instant messages for informal documents or exchange of information. The Internet also made possible for companies to manage their businesses overseas. This saves them the time, money, and effort when going to and from different work places. The most important effect that computer has brought to society is the ease of gathering information from the Internet. People do not have to go to libraries to research for their schoolwork or projects at work. They do not have to travel to places just to see what these places have to offer because the Internet has all the information about the world that they need. There is no excuse to be ignorant because even if the Internet is not available, there are compact discs in the market, which contains variety of information much like an encyclopedia. However, it is important to indicate that not everything is positive when it comes to computers’ effects on society. Research has shown that â€Å"a quarter of five-year-olds have Internet access in their bedroom and around half of teenagers had access in theirs, spending an average of 2. 2 hours a day on social networking sites† (Ager, 2009). The large amount of time they spend and the amount of exposure they have on computers and other technological devices is compromising their reading and communication skills, which may compromise their future as professional adults. Computers have proved to become very useful innovation in today’s society. One cannot imagine life at this time without the help of computers and the Internet. Its effects are not only felt inside the house but also at business sites and educational institutions, and almost everyone is affected by it either directly or indirectly. However, people should also realize that just like any other thing, relying too much on computers could also have its disadvantages. As such, while using the computer and other technologies is inevitable, people must also learn how to distance themselves from it and learn how to do simple things without the use of technology. References Ager, J. (2009, January 21). The new generation that’s growing in front of a screen. Retrieved January 22, 2009, from http://www. northantset. co. uk/news/The-new-generation-that39s-growing. 4896795. jp Odom, W. (2004). Computer Networking First-step. Indiana: Cisco Press.

Algeria Research Paper Final Draft essays

Algeria Research Paper Final Draft essays Algeria was not like any other colony of France. At one point it was actually a part of the French land itself. Algeria fought a war of independence that was long and violent, unlike other nations that had calm and non-violent revolutions. Algerias revolutionary timeline is a fascinating one. Algeria is located in northern Africa. The capital of Algeria is Algiers, which is a coastal city in the northern regions of Algeria. Algeria is a rather large nation, with an approximate size of 3.5 times the size of Texas. Its coastline is about 620 miles long, where its shores touch the Mediterranean Sea, the only body of water that Algeria borders. In 2003, the population was recorded to be about 32,818,500 people. Algeria has a mostly arid climate, with wet winters and dry summers. The terrain is mostly high plateau and desert, with some mountains, and a narrow, uneven coastal plain. Algeria suffers from 3 main natural hazards: earthquakes, mudslides, and floods in the rainy season. Algeria does not have a lot of modern technology. There are 2.3 million telephones. At first, this may seem like a lot, but this adds up to the extremely small average of about 5 telephones per 100 people. There are only 33,500 cellular phones for the 32,818,500 people living in Algeria. Algeria has 7.1 million radios and 3.1 million televisions. Algerias infrastructure and transportation are not impressive. With only 2,468 miles of railway, 64,622 miles of highway, 13 ports and harbors, 136 airports, Algeria is hardly able to accommodate the needs of the people. One would think that with 998 km of coastland, Algeria would have a couple of waterways. Algeria has no waterways at all, slowing down transport of traded goods to the inner lands. There is a lot of poverty in Algeria. The amount of money coming from imports is less than the money coming from exports, which is not good for the economy. Algeria wound up this w...

Definition and Examples of Word Boundaries

Definition and Examples of Word Boundaries In writing, word boundaries are conventionally represented by spaces between words. In speech, word boundaries are determined in various ways, as discussed below. Related Grammatical and Rhetorical Terms Assimilation and DissimilationConceptual MeaningConnected SpeechIntonationMetanalysisMondegreenMorpheme and PhonemeOronymsPausePhonetics and PhonologyPhonological WordProsodySegment and SuprasegmentalSlip of the EarSound Change Examples of Word Boundaries When I was very young, my mother scolded me for flatulating by saying, Johnny, who made an odor? I misheard her euphemism as who made a motor? For days I ran around the house amusing myself with those delicious words. (John B. Lee, Building Bicycles in the Dark: A Practical Guide on How to Write. Black Moss Press, 2001I could have sworn I heard on the news that the Chinese were producing new trombones. No, it was neutron bombs. (Doug Stone, quoted by Rosemarie Jarski in Dim Wit: The Funniest, Stupidest Things Ever Said. Ebury, 2008As far as input processing is concerned, we may also recognize slips of the ear, as when we start to hear a particular sequence and then realize that we have misperceived it in some way; e.g. perceiving the ambulance at the start of the yam balanced delicately on the top . . ..  (Michael Garman, Psycholinguistics. Cambridge University Press, 2000 Word Recognition The usual criterion for word recognition is that suggested by the linguist Leonard Bloomfield, who defined a word as a minimal free form. . . .The concept of a word as a minimal free form suggests two important things about words. First, their ability to stand on their own as isolates. This is reflected in the space which surrounds a word in its orthographical form. And secondly, their internal integrity, or cohesion, as units. If we move a word around in a sentence, whether spoken or written, we have to move the whole word or none of itwe cannot move part of a word.(Geoffrey Finch, Linguistic Terms, and Concepts. Palgrave Macmillan, 2000)[T]he great majority of English nouns begins with a stressed syllable. Listeners use this expectation about the structure of English and partition the continuous speech stream employing stressed syllables.(Z.S. Bond, Slips of the Ear. The Handbook of Speech Perception, ed. by David Pisoni and Robert Remez. Wiley-Blackwell, 2005) Tests of Word Identification Potential pause: Say a sentence out loud, and ask someone to repeat it very slowly, with pauses. The pauses will tend to fall between words, and not within words. For example, the / three / little / pigs / went / to / market. . . .Indivisibility:  Say a sentence out loud, and ask someone to add extra words to it. The extra item will be added between the words and not within them. For example, the pig went to market might become the big pig once went straight to the market. . . .Phonetic boundaries:  It is sometimes possible to tell from the sound of a word where it begins or ends. In Welsh, for example, long words generally have their stress on the penultimate syllable . . .. But there are many exceptions to such rules.Semantic units:  In the sentence Dog bites vicar, there are plainly three units of meaning, and each unit corresponds to a word. But language is often not as neat as this. In I switched on the light, the has little clear meaning, and the single action of switchin g on involves two words.​(Adapted from The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language, 3rd ed., by David Crystal. Cambridge University Press, 2010) Explicit Segmentation [E]xperiments in English have suggested that listeners segment speech at strong syllable onsets. For example, finding a real word in a spoken nonsense sequence is hard if the word is spread over two strong syllables (e.g., mint in [mÇ€ntef]) but easier if the word is spread over a strong and a following weak syllable (e.g., mint in [mÇ€ntÉ™f]; Cutler Norris, 1988).The proposed explanation for this is that listeners divide the former sequence at the onset of the second strong syllable, so that detecting the embedded word requires recombination of speech material across a segmentation point, while the latter sequence offers no such obstacles to embedded word detection as the non-initial syllable is weak and so the sequence is simply not divided.Similarly, when English speakers make slips of the ear that involve mistakes in word boundary placement, they tend most often to insert boundaries before strong syllables (e.g., hearing by loose analogy as by Luce and Allergy) or delet e boundaries before weak syllables (e.g., hearing how big is it? as how bigoted?; Cutler Butterfield, 1992).These findings prompted the proposal of the Metrical Segmentation Strategy for English (Cutler Norris, 1988; Cutler, 1990), whereby listeners are assumed to segment speech at strong syllable onsets because they operate on the assumption, justified by distributional patterns in the input, that strong syllables are highly likely to signal the onset of lexical words. . . .Explicit segmentation has the strong theoretical advantage that it offers a solution to the word boundary problem both for the adult and for the infant listener. . . .Together these strands of evidence motivate the claim that the explicit segmentation procedures used by adult listeners may in fact have their origin in the infants exploitation ofrhythmic structure to solve the initial word boundary problem.​(Anne Cutler, Prosody and the Word Boundary Problem. Signal to Syntax: Bootstrapping from Speech t o Grammar in Early Acquisition, ed. by James L. Morgan and Katherine Demuth. Lawrence Erlbaum, 1996)

ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS PAPER Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS PAPER - Essay Example Westthorp (2010) summarized the fact that some hostels observed a decline of nearly ‘40 % against last business year’ while others reported business of ‘just 30 % capacity’. Moreover, the appreciation of Australian Dollar against world’s major currencies such as British Pound, Euro, US Dollar has also hampered growth because foreign tourists receive much lesser after exchange than what they used to get last year. In simple, they are now unable to spend greater number of days in Gold Coast Backpackers amid inflation and exchange fluctuations. In short, potential customers are now demand higher quality goods and services from administration in Gold Coast Backpackers industry sector at relatively lower prices. It is recommended that various Gold Coast Backpackers and resorts should also adopt a rational pricing strategy to entice maximum customers (Westthorp, 2010). The bargaining power of specific suppliers (raw materials and input providers such as furniture, hostel goods, food etc.) is reduced because of decrease in total business activities and surplus capacity of resorts and hostels. Indeed, suppliers’ business is directly dependent on Backpackers’ business and failure of the latter would also adversely impact the sales of suppliers (Jamieson, 2010). Indeed, the steep fall in aggregate demand of backpackers by tourists and adventurists has compelled potential investors to forgo their aim of entering and investing in tourism and hospitality businesses. It should be highlighted that threat of potential new entrants in this sector is low because of relatively lower returns and weak consumer response because of decline in real income and purchasing power. However, Backpackers have been facing increased competition from Asian Backpackers because of their cheap offers to tourists (Jamieson, 2010). The threat of substitute products is relatively higher because existing Gold Coast Backpackers and resorts

Is penalties harsh enough on underage drinking and should parents be Research Paper

Is penalties harsh enough on underage drinking and should parents be held accountable - Research Paper Example This paper intends to discuss whether penalties applied to underage drinking are harsh enough, or in other words, should drinking be allowed for underage people, and should parents be held accountable for underage drinking. If we compare the drinking age in United States to that in other countries around the globe, we come to know that there are stricter laws in US about legal age for drinking. Most of the other western countries regard it as a normal social activity performed by an individual of any age. In European countries, and in England, children start taking alcohol, although a small quantity, with their parents. Wine is often a casual part of meal. Australia allows drinking at eighteen and England allows it at sixteen, and the teens consuming alcohol at so young an age are found to be perfectly healthy. This makes it easy to argue that a lower drinking age should be acceptable when the rest of the world is okay with it. Thinking this way, one feels that there are harsh penalt ies by the government on underage drinking. ... It is easy to teach a young kid of 18, as compared to an elder person, and make him learn how much of it is okay and how much is harmful. Parents in Europe teach their kids how to be responsible with drinking and then they set them free to try it out, but responsibly. In US, parents are so much fearful of the worse consequences and threats posed by heavy alcoholism that they inculcate this fear inside their children that the act is totally wrong and they cannot think about drinking before they reach a set age by the law. This concludes that there is no need for harsh penalties on underage drinking, but there is need to create more awareness on health hazards in case of binge drinking. Learning and knowledge can do what penalties cannot. There is another dark side regarding penalties. Harsh penalties increase the thirst. It is very natural for man to crave for something he has been forbidden. He wants to do things and try them out when they are told not to. This is because of his expe rimental nature that compels him to crave for something he cannot get. Adam ate the forbidden fruit because he had been specially told not to eat it. Similarly, alcohol becomes the tempting forbidden fruit for teens. Strictly forbidding kids to touch alcohol increases the curiosity inside them and then they turn out breaking the laws and standing liable for penalties. Studies have suggested that most teens drink out of their excitement that they get in breaking the law. â€Å"87% of high school seniors have used alcohol† (Harold). Hence, it is clear that a lot of high schoolers and teens do consume alcohol. Then what are the laws for? Medical science and psychological studies reveal that teens

Reflective Account of Environmental Assessment Essay

Reflective Account of Environmental Assessment - Essay Example environmental management system (EMS), environmental impact assessment, environmental statement, carbon accounting, and carbon management in buildings, environmental economic appraisal and strategic environment management. All these activities aim at securing the environment. The environmental management system (EMS) is a kind of tool and program that is used in managing the impacts of the activities on the environment at large. EMS provides an effective approach and structure of planning and implementing measures of protection of the environment. An EMS ensures that environmental management are integrated in an organizations day to day activities, short term goals and in long term planning of the organizations objectives (Melnyk, Robert and Roger, 2003). For an organization to be able to come up with an EMS, it should first access and analyze the impact it has on the environment, it should come up with goals of reducing impacts on the environment and come up with a strategy of achieving the goals and objectives that have been set. For the development of an effective EMS, commitment and support should be evident from the top level management to the staff as well (Sroufe, 2003). The environmental policy of the organization should be firstly considered when coming up with an EMS. The policy ensures that the activities of EMS are in line with the objectives of the organization. An environmental audit should be taken before coming up with an EMS to help in identifying the impacts of the organizations activities on the environment. The target and objectives of an organization should also be considered when developing an EMS because it will guide the organization on how to achieve it. The staff and the community surrounding the environment should be committed before, during and after the establishment or developing of the EMS. The operations and procedures also need to be compatible with the objectives of the EMS. The monitoring of the performance of the organization

Glimpse Of The Indian Society Media Essay

Glimpse Of The Indian Society Media Essay Media today presents a glimpse of the Indian society that is filled with images of tradition, romance, nationalism and familial love. Teeming with energetic music, vibrant colors and heavenly portrayals of Indian families, the audiences are easily cajoled into believing that these depictions are accurate representations of attitudes and beliefs of the Indian life. However, many times, the realities of life do not always approximate the images presented by the media. As a result, media sometimes start affecting the society in an ominous manner. One such issue that is distorted by the media is the dowry system. In the process of raising alarm bells, Bollywood films, TV shows and news media have exploited this issue too much and consequently, worsened its effect. The insatiable greed of the in-laws, which ultimately leads to torturing of brides, has been highlighted so many times by the media that the viewers minds no longer recoils from such phenomenon. Moreover, with the rising consum erism, higher standards of living and exposure to the masses through media, the desires of people for material wealth have also gone up, aggravating the malevolent system of dowry. The dowry system, the custom of making payments from the brides family to the grooms family at the time of marriage, has a long history in India. It stems out from the traditional upper caste practices of kanyadaan or gifting the virgin bride (). Traditionally, these gifts could range from anything significant to even small token of good wishes. Historically, the dowry system could have been established as a form of inheritance for women, because only men inherited the family property. Furthermore, it could have been a way of compensating the grooms family for the economic support that they would give to the new bride as women has little role as bread earners for the family, making them dependent on the in laws. However, in recent times with exposure to mass media, these tokens of gifts or dowry have transformed into substantial transfer of wealth from the grooms family to the brides family, becoming an important factor in marriage proposals. Most of the marriage decisions nowadays a re based on how much dowry is the brides family ready to give. Even if the bride and groom do not suit each other, their marriage is arranged based on the exchange of dowry between the families. (). However, in the current society, where even women act as economic contributors to the family, this system becomes trivial. Yet, it has only inflamed with time. Consequently, the Government of India could not do much to alleviate this issue. Even with the changes brought about by the Hindu Succession Acts of 1956, which gave women legal rights of inheritance, and Dowry Prohibition Act of 1961, which legally outlawed dowry respectively, this practice still continues mainly because of two reasons. Firstly, even though in recent times, the exposure to media decreased the support for dowry among women, it appears that women have started valuing the resources that their dowries bring to their families. The exposure to mass media increased the desirability of consumer goods, causing the newly wed couples to view dowry as a way of obtaining them (). The other reason is that parents of daughters still believe that a large dowry will ensure better treatment of their daughters by her in-laws. They believe that the dowry will increase their daughters standing in her new household as it will act as a signal of parental support of the bride. However, thi s belief is largely baseless and stems from medias misrepresentation of this issue through its different outlets. Dowry is a hot topic that many Bollywood films tried to address. Films like Lajja and Lage Raho Munnabhai try to create awareness about this issue by depicting extreme sequences. However, this path taken by the directors sometimes backfires. In Lajja, Maithilis parents give everything to fulfill the dowry demands put up by their in-laws. They lose their land, saved money and even take on loans for the dowry. Though, Maithili rebels and calls off the wedding, seeing her father being humiliated by the grooms family for dowry. Even in Lago Raho Munnabhai, Simrans father Lucky Singh goes on to appropriating an old age house, leaving 20 old men homeless because the grooms parents wanted the land on which house was built. These acts by the brides family do not take place in the real world. However, they are able to distort the views of audiences, who then start believing strongly in this system. Vivah A journey from Engagement to Marriage, another mainstream Bollywood film, also presents a distorted vision of the dowry system but towards the other extreme. In the film, the grooms father wants nothing more for his son than a virtuous and beautiful wife dowry is unimportant and unwanted (). As Poonams father is asked for a mere token, the viewers are assured that a dowry is unnecessary when two families are as well suited as these. These films, as a result, distort the way the society views the dowry system. The reality of dowry demands in India is quite different from its portrayal in Bollywood films. The images of the dowry system presented in these films are not usually what comes to pass for a woman after her marriage and the giving of her dowry. In Lajja, Maithilis parents tried to call of the wedding because Maithilis father could not fulfill all but one of their demands. This would never happen in the real world. Similarly, what Lucky Singh did in Lage Raho Munnabhai to fulfill the dowry is unlikely to be seen today. However, one would also not find someone like Poonams father- in- law, who declined the dowry given by Poonams father. There are still many Indian marriages, where the brides treatment at the hands of her in-laws is often tied to the amount of dowry they receive. Moreover, theses dowry demands sometimes do not end with the wedding (). The shameless greed of the grooms families in the form of dowry demands continue for years after the wedding, with suggestions of furth er gifts to be made-for celebrations of the birth, naming and initiation of grandchildren. Most of the Bollywood fail to show this aftermath of a dowry induced marriage. According to Bedi, the ever-increasing demands for dowry have led to an increase in dowry-related violence and death among young married women in India, with 8391 dowry death cases in 2010 alone. The violence that the women have to undergo, despite giving dowry, has increased exponentially with the demands of the every-growing dowries. This dowry-related violence is mostly prearranged attacks within the grooms house. Many of these attacks include severe burnings, poisonings, hangings, gunshots, sharp objects, and jumping from height, generally resulting in the immediate deaths of the women (). Furthermore, the victims do not report this due to fear of another attack. They have to accept this cruelty as the price of keeping their families intact (). In some of the dowry-induced marriages, women try to commit suicides in a bid to escape the abuse from her in-laws. However, other families try to take advantage of these cases by reporting the death caused by dowry violence as suicides an d protect themselves from trials. Media, in such cases, immediately tries to capitalize on them through films and TV shows. A recent Bollywood film, Teen Behenein is based on the real-life incident of combined suicides by three sisters, which occurred in Kanpur in 1988. Though this film has flaws in every technical aspect, including script, direction and acting, it still managed to receive praise merely because of the issue that it takes up. Teen Behenien seeks to make an important point about the kinds of sexual, social, psychological and physical violence that continues to be encountered by women. This film only takes the seed of its story from real-life incidents of combined suicides by three sisters, and then builds a narrative around it (). The director was able to influence the society by combining the fictional and non-fictional worlds. In order to profit, the director exploited the issue of dowry system by exploiting it. Satyamev Jayate, a reality TV, also tried hard to create awareness about dowry. Aamir Khan, a famous Bollywood actor, is the protagonist who reveals social issues that are prevalent in India which need to be addressed. In the dowry-focused episode, Aamir delineates that every hour one bride in the country dies due to dowry harassment. This certainly is not true. Consequently, he invites a few women who have been victims of the dowry system to speak about their torture. For instance, Komal Sethi spoke about how after being tortured to pay a hefty amount to her in-laws and husband, she was left to die in the US. Lecturer Nishana, who underwent a cosmetic surgery to please her husband, succumbed to the dowry demands of her in-laws and ended up committing suicide (1.5 million rupees that were given by her parents. Though, these cases depict the extremes that this system can go to, they leave a mark of the audience who begin to consider girls as burdens. Furthermore, the fact that Satyame v Jayate commercialized such sensitive issues to profit from them only undermines the validity of its claims. In a country, where film stars are considered as ideals, the distorted depiction of their personal lives can have a profound effect on society. Through the creation of superstars, media distorts the view of the Indian society on dowry. In India, film is the principal form of entertainment, and therefore, film stars are accorded a respect otherwise offer only to family elder and men of God(). An average of ten million people a day spend the equivalent of a days wages just to enter into a fantasy world of images of bad landlord, greedy industrialist, corrupt politicians and traditional virtues of virginity, devotion to God and family and service to men (). The protagonists, therefore, become the saviors of mankind and the actors start to be revered by the Indian public. According to Gokulsing and Dissanayake, star worship offer a mental escape from the pressures and poverty of everyday life and statements or actions made by big Bollywood stars, like Amitabh or Shahrukh, can have great effects on public attitudes. In high profile and star-studded marriages, the dowry worth fortunes are given; however, just as a custom. Millions of rupees in cash, gold, along with luxurious cars are given by the brides family, but this is not a compulsion and is given just out of generosity. However, the masses get influenced when they see this on the televisions and their desires increase many- folds. They start dreaming of lavish wedding and end up making brides lives miserable, ruining their families and turning the concept of marriage has been turned into a transaction, without any importance placed on the people or the relationship (). As a result of the societys distortion view of the dowry system, in many parts of the country, the birth of a girl is not seen as an event to celebrate. Unlike the loving parents of Poonam in Vivah, the thoughts of many Indian parents are not positive at the birth of a daughter (). The lyrics of an old Indian chant used in Punjab Eat the jiggery, spin the cotton, you should not come, send your brother suggests that the birth of a girl is seen as an event of sorrow. There is no singing or celebration, as the parents have to start worrying about the dowry. Girls become a drain of familys money, unlike boys who create income for the family and stay to take care of his parents in their old age (). This belief has skewed the sex ratio in India, fostered by sex-selective abortions and infanticides. Matrubhoomi, a Bollywood film, is set in a hypothetical village in India without women. The film tries to bring forth the message that if the rampant female infanticide and feticide were to cont inue, then there would be a time where there will be no women left. However, this film failed in its goal. The film is so extreme that the audience could not digest it and the film only succeeded at undermining the seriousness of this issue. The numerous representations of dowry system on both big and small screens, it seems to be distorting to an extent. Since the introduction of mass media in the Indian society, views of the people on the dowry have change significantly. The system, which was initially meant as a form of inheritance for women, changed over time because of its misrepresentation by media. The increasing exposure to media coupled, which increased the desirability of consumer goods, transformed this system into a substantial transfer of wealth from the brides family to the grooms and made dowry an important factor determining marriage decisions. Furthermore, recent films like Lajja, Vivah or Teen Beheinen only distorted the societys view on dowry by showing extremes situation that are highly unlikely to occur. On the other hand, TV shows like Satyamev Jayate tried to commercialize this issue; however, undermined its validity in the process. In addition, medias depictions of lavish weddings of media persona lities, increases the dowry systems prevalence as more and more people try to emulate their ideals. Dowry system, therefore, has become a big problem in India and has led to practices of female infanticide skewing the sex ratio in India. In drawing this paper to a close, it is clear that the problem of dowry is only intensified by media. Until media becomes more responsible in its depiction of the dowry system, leaving aside the monetary intentions, this problem will continue unabated.

German Nazism vs. Italian Fascism Essay -- Papers Nazi Fascism Compare

German Nazism vs. Italian Fascism Fascism and Nazism were two different political groups taken place in two different locations. Nazism was evolved in Germany which were the people that mainly were against Judaism. As for fascism, it took place in Italy and focused mainly on a system of government that was under a dictator, or a ruler who had absolute power. Both these groups had similariteis as well as differences in which will soon be understood. Benito Mussolini which was born in 1883 and died in 1945. He came to power with his new ideas in 1919, called Fascio di Combat, which is also known as Fascism. To understand Fascism better, it is basically a spiritual attitude. It sees not only the individual but also the nation and the country. Individuals and generations are bound together by a moral law. Adolf Hitler and his national socialist state influenced Mussolini. In time, Mussolini became the victim of his own propaganda efforts. He dreamed of wars of conquest, but these wars that were far beyond the industrial capacity of the state to maintain. Mussolini came to involved the state in wars of colonial conquest, which was probably the last of the great imperialistic wars of Europe. In 1938 a change was made in the Italian government which separated the people from the decision-making process entirely. The list of parliamentary candidates was no longer offered to the masses for their approval. Mussolini merely emulated Hitler by creating the totalitarian state while removing basic democracy. After Mussolini's fall from power and his heroic rescue by German paratroopers, it was created under the watchful protection of nazi troops. There was, however, time remained to develop a theory. Mussolini was wholly ... ...hen Germany becomes a dictatorship ruled by Hitler and the Nazi Party. It was also the begging of total chaos, such as several revolutions and world War II. There were many revolts like the Kristallnacht, which was a destructive rampage against the Jews. The Jews were drastically restricted and leaving Germany was each time becoming more difficult. In time the Nazis Parteis and Adolph Hitler killed many Jews, more than 30 thousand. Even though World War II was later finished by an agreement, it took many lives away. As for the fascist parties, they were not as gruesome as Nazism, even if one influenced the other. Although both were beliefs, which involved later in to something much greater and catastrophic, they were only people fighting for what they believed were right. But the problem was it effected on innocent's people's lives, and that is not tolerable.

Gays in the Military

Steven Danielson Gays in the Military A hot topic in the news these days is whether gays should be allowed to serve openly in the military. Many issues have arisen from allowing or not allowing gays to serve openly. Those opposed are concerned that gays would cause a break down in unit cohesion, a rise in assaults or violence, a drop in recruitment or retention, and feel that since America is currently fighting two wars that right now is not a good time to implement a new policy when it is felt that the current one is working just fine. Numerous studies have been conducted on this issue.Through poll, surveys, observing other countries that allow gays to serve openly and even by checking history it is felt that this would not be the case. Given all the evidence that points to allowing gays to serve openly outweigh any negatives that would possibly come about. Gays make up a portion of key personnel that is sorely needed in this time of war especially with a all volunteer force. The fa ct that military personal are being lost due to this law not only is harmful to military it also wrong on that these gays are having their basic human rights violated by the very country they are trying to protect.This has been an issue within the military since the very beginnings of its establishment of this nation since â€Å"The discharge of military personnel for homosexual behavior dates from at least the continental army of the revolutionary period† (Rayside 258). The military had a strict no gays allowed to serve for many years and it wasn’t until former president Clinton raised the issue in his campaign for presidency in 1991 did it come onto the radar of the news and on the minds of the American people.He promised to fight to have it so gays could serve in the armed forces of the United States. When he was elected president he set out to change things. Then President made a effort to change the policy but â€Å"Clinton was persuaded by the military, mobilize d by Chief of Staff Colin Powell, not to fulfill his campaign promise to allow gays and leasbians to serve openly† (Pencak 178). He was unable to change the policy drastically and had to settle for a compromise with the military and congress. This is where we got the still standing don’t ask don’t tell policy.This new law allowed gays to serve but they were required to keep their sexual orientation private and by going public with it would end in discharge from the service. The new policy also covered any homosexual actions stating that â€Å"A service member who engages in, attempts to engage in, or solicits a homosexual act is to be discharged, unless he can prove that such an act was an aberration and is unlikely to recur† (Hillman 264). If they were to state that they were gays or attempt to marry someone of the same sex this would too lead to termination.The phrase â€Å"don’t ask don’t tell† comes from the fact that no one will e ver ask if you are gays; as the military used to screen potential future military members by asking them before they joined. The don’t ask tell part comes from the fact that a gay service member must not tell anyone that they are homosexual. Later â€Å"don’t pursue† would added to it, meaning that the military would not pursue a suspected gay member as long as they didn’t tell. This was established out of fear that people would conduct â€Å"witch hunts† for gay members.Since the 1980s over 32,000 active duty members have been discharged for being gay. This is a large percent of people who were willing to serve but through no fault of their own we told they could not and were sent on their way. That is 32,000 already fully trained personnel that had to be replaced costing the country millions of dollars. There had been cases were people with key jobs being discharged as in a few Arabic translators be discharge when as of now they are in great dema nd. Discharging these personal is non sense. Not only is it violating their rights, â€Å"U.S. law prohibits discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation, race, or gender with regard to the rights of citizenship, the military maintains policies that are opposed to this most-basic American ideal† but it is putting this country and other service members at risk cause translators are a key competent of fighting the war on terror (Issit 4). How can a military succeed in winning the hearts and minds of people they cannot even talk with? The number of service members discharged each year in the United States is approximately 1,000-1,200.All of which are needed to be replaced with new people who require training. Losing the experience of those who were serving longer period of times is detrimental to the military because they possess the knowledge and skills required to accomplish the mission and have the ability to pass they knowledge on to new personnel. The amount of money r equired to replace them is enough that any tax paying American would be upset about. There are many reasons for someone to be discharged, from drug use to medical reasons.By changing this law the country would be losing a third less personnel each year. The American public is split on the issue. With about 60% saying that gays should be allowed to serve and 40% feeling they should be able to serve openly. A service wide survey was conducted asking the opinions of those who would be serving side by side with gays. The views of current service member varied much like that of American civilians. But they had reason for their concern when it came to those who opposed it. They were concerns about privacy issues.They were not comfortable with living with a known homosexual. The military does not allow males and females to share a room and there is concern having a same sex and gays living together. This might lead to a change in housing policy and bathroom faculties in having to separate men and women and gay men and lesbian women. This would lead to having to make new restrooms and building of new living quarters for gays. With another concern being the effect on Unit cohesion which can be broken down in two parts; task cohesion and social cohesion.Task cohesion referring to the ability to work together effectively in order to accomplish a mission and social cohesion referring to the emotional bonds and trust among unit members (US Government, DoD 102). The military is worried that gays would become a distraction for straights and this would disrupt the comradely between troops, all of which is very important in a wartime setting â€Å"because soldiers must withstand the tremendous emotional strain of seeing many of their friends brutally killed by the enemy† (Wilson 2). There are also religious and moral issues that have been brought up.The fact is that most religions say the homosexuality is wrong and by making personnel who are religious serve with gays i nfringes on the religious beliefs and the right to religious freedom in the military. Some feel that being gay is just wrong and do no want to be force to work alongside or live with someone of is known to be gay. Some also believe that don’t ask don’t tell law is working just fine and that it should just stay that way feeling that gays can serve but they just have to keep their sexuality to themselves.The same people feel that right now is not the best time to change the policy. Service member have a lot on their plates right now fighting two wars it that a change in the don’t ask don’t tell policy right now is just not the time to do so. There are some who are concerned that if gays were to serve openly then that would result in unwanted sexual advances and assaults. There is objection to gays showing public displays of affection. And that a gays flamboyant behavior would be a distraction. The possibility of a rise in HIV is of concern too.There is a be lief that AIDS is a running epidemic in the gay community and by allowing those to serve would lead to a increase in the HIV cases in the services. Marriage is another issue in that where would the money come from to pay for all the new cases of same sex marriages because married members receive benefits for the spouses and are paid more too. Some members feel that gays would become a protected class and in return would be forced to acknowledge gay pride week and be forced to mingle with them outside of work. With the fear that if they chose no too there would be displiniary actions placed against them.Other feel that the military is the last moral institution in America and feel that allowing gays to serve would destroy that. There are many service members that feel that gays should be allowed to serve openly and the have reasons for their support of the repeal of don’t ask don’t tell policy. Many know that there already are gays serving and by allowing them to acknow ledge their sexual orientation is not going to change anything. There is a feeling that as long as the gay service member can do their job then there is no reason they cannot serve.A person in America has the right to be who they are and by discharging a gay person who only wants to fight and protect the country that provides them that right is wrong. Any American regardless of sexual orientation should be allowed to sever their country. In given that this is a time of war the military needs every service member it can get. Since it is an all volunteer force they should allow anyone who wants to volunteer serve. The military is behind the times when is comes to its policy of homosexuals. It is the only institution that is discriminating openly against gays.It is illegal to fire a person from their jobs for being gays any where else they could be working and the military should be no different. Upon looking at the results of other militaries allowing gays to serve it is scene that it really has no effect on anything what so ever. So there is no reason not to believe that the some non-event would happen in the United States military too. If one is too look on when the military started to allow blacks and white to sever together as well as men and women it is seen that this was not harmful, but actually beneficial to the military as a whole.It is a brden to gays in the military to have to hide their homosexuality and that if there was a repeal to this law then that would liberate them from the fear of discharge. It is not that gays want to be able to tell everyone that they are gay but more that they won’t be afraid of losing their job if it were found out. â€Å"Sexual harassment regulations and sensitivity training would need to be updated, and guidance from leadership would be necessary† if this transition to a openly gay military is to be done (Prakash 92).History is said to repeat itself and if that is the case then there should be no problems associated with the repeal of the â€Å"don’t ask, don’t tell† law. Prior to 1953 blacks were not allowed to serve in the same unit as whites. There are similarities to be found when comparing concerns for when the racial integration of African-Americans was underway and the integration of homosexuals today in that â€Å"military leaders predicted disastrous consequences for unit cohesion, discipline, troop morale, and the achievement of military goals† (Knapp 239).Racial integration was a much bigger deal to the country than that of the integration of gays today. We can see that once racial integration was implemented that it turned out just fine. But it must be acknowledged that blacks are not gays so it won’t be exactly the same type of movement. The integration of women into the military also came out in positive terms. Though gender integration was slower than that of blacks, it is fully integrated today. Today women and blacks make up a sizab le portion of the military and without their service the military would not as strong as it is today.Women and African-Americans have succeeded in the U. S. military so there is no reason to believe that gays and lesbians cannot do the same. Many other nations’ military allow gays to openly serve and they experienced few if any problems because of it. It is such a non existent problem that it is considered a non-issue to most. The major militaries to open to gays are the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, Germany, and Israel. When these countries lifted their bans on gays in their militaries they noticed that nothing changed.In a official report released by the Canadian government it was stated that â€Å"Despite all the anxiety that existed through the late 80’s into the early 90’s about the change in policy, here’s what the indicators show—no effect† (Belkin 108). It was thought that maybe a mass coming out would happen but it didn’ t. Most still chose to keep their sexual orientation a private matter and only disclosed it to certain people, much like gays in the corporate world or anywhere else for that matter.The repeal is more for gays not to be discharged or fear being discharged for being gay and less for them to be able to go around and tell everyone that they are gay. There were no noticeable changes to recruiting numbers of the number of people choosing to remain in the military as a result of the lift ban on gays. The United Kingdom show no increase in same sex harassment and most countries commented that harassment die to gender integration was far more pronounced then harassment die to sexual orientation (US Government, DoD 92).This shows one that there is no reason that the integration of gays into the U. S. military will be difficult for its service members to adapt to. It will surely be a non-issue here itself. When looking at the issue of integrating gays into other organizations it is seen that many on the same things occurred that happened in the militaries that did the same. In 1998 an Executive Order was established in the prohibition of discrimination based on the sexual orientation for civilian employees in all Federal agencies. Many states have done the same with state organizations.It is to be noted that employees of these institutions reported that having day and lesbian personnel among their ranks has had no effect on their organization’s performance (US Government, DoD 94). It was found that in some cases allowing gays to be open about their sexual orientation actually improved their performance because now they were not worried about someone finding out they were gay and we able to put more focus on their work. When looking at the issue of privacy that was of a concern to some service members it was seen that in these organizations there was no need for additional accommodations for gays and lesbians.They also say the same thing when it came to gays publi cally announcing their homosexuality. It was found that none really chose to come out to everybody but instead only to certain people. And as far as service member worrying about the â€Å"flamboyant behavior† one might witness in the military by a gay is just not the case in the corporate world. Gays are very well aware of the professionalism associated with a Federal or State job and surely would be the case for any gay military member and would not act in such a way. There are many sides to this debate and given the concerns of each side it should be looked at carefully.When one does observe each side they can see that the concerns of those opposed to the repeal of don’t ask don’t tell are trivial and based on stereotypes and should not be enough to stop and any American from serving their country. The loss of personnel is unacceptable when their service is needed the most in these times of war. When seeing how other militaries favored with their lifting of b ans on gays it can be seen that it was so little a problem and should be the case here. Today’s troops do have a lot going on with fighting two wars and don’t need another thing on their plate, but they do need every helping hand they can get.It most likely would be the case that if repealed many troops would not disclose their sexual orientation so much would not change since a lot of troops know that they are already serving along side gays and lesbians. When weighing the pros and cons of this issue one shouldn’t be able to infringe on a American’s desire to serve their country based on their sexual orientation. It be great if these brave gay and lesbian women didn’t have to worry about their military careers coming to an end of they were or someone were to disclose their sexual orientation that way they would be able to fully concentrate on their mission. Gays in the Military Steven Danielson Gays in the Military A hot topic in the news these days is whether gays should be allowed to serve openly in the military. Many issues have arisen from allowing or not allowing gays to serve openly. Those opposed are concerned that gays would cause a break down in unit cohesion, a rise in assaults or violence, a drop in recruitment or retention, and feel that since America is currently fighting two wars that right now is not a good time to implement a new policy when it is felt that the current one is working just fine. Numerous studies have been conducted on this issue.Through poll, surveys, observing other countries that allow gays to serve openly and even by checking history it is felt that this would not be the case. Given all the evidence that points to allowing gays to serve openly outweigh any negatives that would possibly come about. Gays make up a portion of key personnel that is sorely needed in this time of war especially with a all volunteer force. The fa ct that military personal are being lost due to this law not only is harmful to military it also wrong on that these gays are having their basic human rights violated by the very country they are trying to protect.This has been an issue within the military since the very beginnings of its establishment of this nation since â€Å"The discharge of military personnel for homosexual behavior dates from at least the continental army of the revolutionary period† (Rayside 258). The military had a strict no gays allowed to serve for many years and it wasn’t until former president Clinton raised the issue in his campaign for presidency in 1991 did it come onto the radar of the news and on the minds of the American people.He promised to fight to have it so gays could serve in the armed forces of the United States. When he was elected president he set out to change things. Then President made a effort to change the policy but â€Å"Clinton was persuaded by the military, mobilize d by Chief of Staff Colin Powell, not to fulfill his campaign promise to allow gays and leasbians to serve openly† (Pencak 178). He was unable to change the policy drastically and had to settle for a compromise with the military and congress. This is where we got the still standing don’t ask don’t tell policy.This new law allowed gays to serve but they were required to keep their sexual orientation private and by going public with it would end in discharge from the service. The new policy also covered any homosexual actions stating that â€Å"A service member who engages in, attempts to engage in, or solicits a homosexual act is to be discharged, unless he can prove that such an act was an aberration and is unlikely to recur† (Hillman 264). If they were to state that they were gays or attempt to marry someone of the same sex this would too lead to termination.The phrase â€Å"don’t ask don’t tell† comes from the fact that no one will e ver ask if you are gays; as the military used to screen potential future military members by asking them before they joined. The don’t ask tell part comes from the fact that a gay service member must not tell anyone that they are homosexual. Later â€Å"don’t pursue† would added to it, meaning that the military would not pursue a suspected gay member as long as they didn’t tell. This was established out of fear that people would conduct â€Å"witch hunts† for gay members.Since the 1980s over 32,000 active duty members have been discharged for being gay. This is a large percent of people who were willing to serve but through no fault of their own we told they could not and were sent on their way. That is 32,000 already fully trained personnel that had to be replaced costing the country millions of dollars. There had been cases were people with key jobs being discharged as in a few Arabic translators be discharge when as of now they are in great dema nd. Discharging these personal is non sense. Not only is it violating their rights, â€Å"U.S. law prohibits discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation, race, or gender with regard to the rights of citizenship, the military maintains policies that are opposed to this most-basic American ideal† but it is putting this country and other service members at risk cause translators are a key competent of fighting the war on terror (Issit 4). How can a military succeed in winning the hearts and minds of people they cannot even talk with? The number of service members discharged each year in the United States is approximately 1,000-1,200.All of which are needed to be replaced with new people who require training. Losing the experience of those who were serving longer period of times is detrimental to the military because they possess the knowledge and skills required to accomplish the mission and have the ability to pass they knowledge on to new personnel. The amount of money r equired to replace them is enough that any tax paying American would be upset about. There are many reasons for someone to be discharged, from drug use to medical reasons.By changing this law the country would be losing a third less personnel each year. The American public is split on the issue. With about 60% saying that gays should be allowed to serve and 40% feeling they should be able to serve openly. A service wide survey was conducted asking the opinions of those who would be serving side by side with gays. The views of current service member varied much like that of American civilians. But they had reason for their concern when it came to those who opposed it. They were concerns about privacy issues.They were not comfortable with living with a known homosexual. The military does not allow males and females to share a room and there is concern having a same sex and gays living together. This might lead to a change in housing policy and bathroom faculties in having to separate men and women and gay men and lesbian women. This would lead to having to make new restrooms and building of new living quarters for gays. With another concern being the effect on Unit cohesion which can be broken down in two parts; task cohesion and social cohesion.Task cohesion referring to the ability to work together effectively in order to accomplish a mission and social cohesion referring to the emotional bonds and trust among unit members (US Government, DoD 102). The military is worried that gays would become a distraction for straights and this would disrupt the comradely between troops, all of which is very important in a wartime setting â€Å"because soldiers must withstand the tremendous emotional strain of seeing many of their friends brutally killed by the enemy† (Wilson 2). There are also religious and moral issues that have been brought up.The fact is that most religions say the homosexuality is wrong and by making personnel who are religious serve with gays i nfringes on the religious beliefs and the right to religious freedom in the military. Some feel that being gay is just wrong and do no want to be force to work alongside or live with someone of is known to be gay. Some also believe that don’t ask don’t tell law is working just fine and that it should just stay that way feeling that gays can serve but they just have to keep their sexuality to themselves.The same people feel that right now is not the best time to change the policy. Service member have a lot on their plates right now fighting two wars it that a change in the don’t ask don’t tell policy right now is just not the time to do so. There are some who are concerned that if gays were to serve openly then that would result in unwanted sexual advances and assaults. There is objection to gays showing public displays of affection. And that a gays flamboyant behavior would be a distraction. The possibility of a rise in HIV is of concern too.There is a be lief that AIDS is a running epidemic in the gay community and by allowing those to serve would lead to a increase in the HIV cases in the services. Marriage is another issue in that where would the money come from to pay for all the new cases of same sex marriages because married members receive benefits for the spouses and are paid more too. Some members feel that gays would become a protected class and in return would be forced to acknowledge gay pride week and be forced to mingle with them outside of work. With the fear that if they chose no too there would be displiniary actions placed against them.Other feel that the military is the last moral institution in America and feel that allowing gays to serve would destroy that. There are many service members that feel that gays should be allowed to serve openly and the have reasons for their support of the repeal of don’t ask don’t tell policy. Many know that there already are gays serving and by allowing them to acknow ledge their sexual orientation is not going to change anything. There is a feeling that as long as the gay service member can do their job then there is no reason they cannot serve.A person in America has the right to be who they are and by discharging a gay person who only wants to fight and protect the country that provides them that right is wrong. Any American regardless of sexual orientation should be allowed to sever their country. In given that this is a time of war the military needs every service member it can get. Since it is an all volunteer force they should allow anyone who wants to volunteer serve. The military is behind the times when is comes to its policy of homosexuals. It is the only institution that is discriminating openly against gays.It is illegal to fire a person from their jobs for being gays any where else they could be working and the military should be no different. Upon looking at the results of other militaries allowing gays to serve it is scene that it really has no effect on anything what so ever. So there is no reason not to believe that the some non-event would happen in the United States military too. If one is too look on when the military started to allow blacks and white to sever together as well as men and women it is seen that this was not harmful, but actually beneficial to the military as a whole.It is a brden to gays in the military to have to hide their homosexuality and that if there was a repeal to this law then that would liberate them from the fear of discharge. It is not that gays want to be able to tell everyone that they are gay but more that they won’t be afraid of losing their job if it were found out. â€Å"Sexual harassment regulations and sensitivity training would need to be updated, and guidance from leadership would be necessary† if this transition to a openly gay military is to be done (Prakash 92).History is said to repeat itself and if that is the case then there should be no problems associated with the repeal of the â€Å"don’t ask, don’t tell† law. Prior to 1953 blacks were not allowed to serve in the same unit as whites. There are similarities to be found when comparing concerns for when the racial integration of African-Americans was underway and the integration of homosexuals today in that â€Å"military leaders predicted disastrous consequences for unit cohesion, discipline, troop morale, and the achievement of military goals† (Knapp 239).Racial integration was a much bigger deal to the country than that of the integration of gays today. We can see that once racial integration was implemented that it turned out just fine. But it must be acknowledged that blacks are not gays so it won’t be exactly the same type of movement. The integration of women into the military also came out in positive terms. Though gender integration was slower than that of blacks, it is fully integrated today. Today women and blacks make up a sizab le portion of the military and without their service the military would not as strong as it is today.Women and African-Americans have succeeded in the U. S. military so there is no reason to believe that gays and lesbians cannot do the same. Many other nations’ military allow gays to openly serve and they experienced few if any problems because of it. It is such a non existent problem that it is considered a non-issue to most. The major militaries to open to gays are the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, Germany, and Israel. When these countries lifted their bans on gays in their militaries they noticed that nothing changed.In a official report released by the Canadian government it was stated that â€Å"Despite all the anxiety that existed through the late 80’s into the early 90’s about the change in policy, here’s what the indicators show—no effect† (Belkin 108). It was thought that maybe a mass coming out would happen but it didn’ t. Most still chose to keep their sexual orientation a private matter and only disclosed it to certain people, much like gays in the corporate world or anywhere else for that matter.The repeal is more for gays not to be discharged or fear being discharged for being gay and less for them to be able to go around and tell everyone that they are gay. There were no noticeable changes to recruiting numbers of the number of people choosing to remain in the military as a result of the lift ban on gays. The United Kingdom show no increase in same sex harassment and most countries commented that harassment die to gender integration was far more pronounced then harassment die to sexual orientation (US Government, DoD 92).This shows one that there is no reason that the integration of gays into the U. S. military will be difficult for its service members to adapt to. It will surely be a non-issue here itself. When looking at the issue of integrating gays into other organizations it is seen that many on the same things occurred that happened in the militaries that did the same. In 1998 an Executive Order was established in the prohibition of discrimination based on the sexual orientation for civilian employees in all Federal agencies. Many states have done the same with state organizations.It is to be noted that employees of these institutions reported that having day and lesbian personnel among their ranks has had no effect on their organization’s performance (US Government, DoD 94). It was found that in some cases allowing gays to be open about their sexual orientation actually improved their performance because now they were not worried about someone finding out they were gay and we able to put more focus on their work. When looking at the issue of privacy that was of a concern to some service members it was seen that in these organizations there was no need for additional accommodations for gays and lesbians.They also say the same thing when it came to gays publi cally announcing their homosexuality. It was found that none really chose to come out to everybody but instead only to certain people. And as far as service member worrying about the â€Å"flamboyant behavior† one might witness in the military by a gay is just not the case in the corporate world. Gays are very well aware of the professionalism associated with a Federal or State job and surely would be the case for any gay military member and would not act in such a way. There are many sides to this debate and given the concerns of each side it should be looked at carefully.When one does observe each side they can see that the concerns of those opposed to the repeal of don’t ask don’t tell are trivial and based on stereotypes and should not be enough to stop and any American from serving their country. The loss of personnel is unacceptable when their service is needed the most in these times of war. When seeing how other militaries favored with their lifting of b ans on gays it can be seen that it was so little a problem and should be the case here. Today’s troops do have a lot going on with fighting two wars and don’t need another thing on their plate, but they do need every helping hand they can get.It most likely would be the case that if repealed many troops would not disclose their sexual orientation so much would not change since a lot of troops know that they are already serving along side gays and lesbians. When weighing the pros and cons of this issue one shouldn’t be able to infringe on a American’s desire to serve their country based on their sexual orientation. It be great if these brave gay and lesbian women didn’t have to worry about their military careers coming to an end of they were or someone were to disclose their sexual orientation that way they would be able to fully concentrate on their mission.