Descartes Failure Essay -- Philosophy Philosophical Essays

Descartes' Failure In his Meditations on First Philosophy, Descartes strives first and foremost to provide an infallibly justified foundation for the empirical sciences, and second to prove the existence of God. I will focus on the first and second meditations in my attempt to show that, in his skepticism of the sources of knowledge, he fails to follow the rules he has set out in the Discourse on Method. First I claim that Descartes fails to draw the distinction between pure sensation and inference, which make up what he calls sensation, and then consider the consequences of this failure to follow his method. Second, I will show that in his treatment of thinking Descartes fails to distinguish between active and passive thinking. Although he succeeds in showing that he is aware of thinking (and therefore at least a passive thinker), from which it follows that he exists, it is possible that Descartes[1] is no more than a passive thinker. I claim that Descartes successfully shows that he exists, that â€Å"there is thinking going on,† and that thereby â€Å"there exists a thinking thing,† but Descartes’ ‘thinking’ may only be a passive awareness of thinking; he may be separate from the active thinker required by the fact that there is thinking-going-on.[2] I will argue that if this is the case, then Descartes doesn’t have free will. Without free will, Descartes can no longer prove the existence of God. As the foundation upon which he re-establishes his knowledge of the world depends on free will then, if my claim is true, Descartes does not succeed in finding a solid foundation for empirical knowledge, nor does he succeed in his secondary goal of proving the existenc e of God. I. Pure Sensation and Inference ... ...ur being active thinkers can be doubted, but only from a third person perspective, for doubting, itself presupposes active thinking. I have chosen to be charitable to Descartes, and allow him those acts, such as doubting, that could legitimately be performed from a third person perspective, so as to avoid undermining his entire account. [21] Descartes Selected Philosophical Writings Meditations on First Philosophy, p93 [22] ibid. p92 [23] Putnam, p7 [24] This sounds a lot like Berkeley’s suggestion that objects in the physical world continue to exist although we are not perceiving them because they are being perceived by God. [25] I will not discuss this claim further here, due to the length of this paper. [26] Descartes Selected Philosophical Writings Meditations on First Philosophy, p79 [27] ibid. p80

Indonesian Culture Essay

Praise and gratitude I prayed to Almighty God for the implementation of events on this day well. I also says thank you for your time and opportunity that has been in invite In this speech I want to convey about the importance of creativity in preserving the culture of Indonesia. As we know, the Indonesian culture stretched from Sabang to Marauke. Having dozens of cultural heritage that is rich in art. Many nations are amazed and want to claim the Indonesian culture as the culture of their nation. Therefore, it is then we as the younger generation is very good if we realize that culture is an irreplaceable treasure. Culture can not be created with ease, especially with a short time. It has a lot of effort to preserve the culture of Indonesia, but these measures were not the maximum. One of the legendary Indonesian culture is batik. Batik is one of the culture that has worldwide and at times lately, batik started getting attention from the younger generation. Batik day is a day where all parties were invited to use the batik. This is very good for the younger generation and continuity of batik culture itself. Creativity will flourish on its own batik with the number of requests. Modern fashion and in accordance with the age would make batik as a means of creativity for young designers. Make a spear batik fashion formal, semi-formal and informal. Devise an original batik fashion is very trendy but if the wear by every level of generation. Besides batik, there are also other fabrics that are not less beautiful like songket, ulos cloth and so forth. It is time we as a younger generation of cultivating the culture without losing its originality. Make batik as one of the fashion icons of cool and interesting to young people. Besides batik, Indonesian culture most often in the interest of the dance area. Indonesian dance is no less exotic and graceful in compare with other countries. Lots of foreign tourists coming to Indonesia just to see the original dance Indonesia. Have you ever witnessed a cultural festival or to welcome important guests who came to Indonesia. Art music and dance in performing very unusual. In my opinion the area of ​​dance should be introduced among the students and the students so that the scene of the contest are no less interesting with cheerleading competition. Padukanlah regional dance with modern dance, as one of the concepts of dance in one of the most popular events in Indonesia. Hilangkanlah connotation that the dance area is not slang. Berkreasilah, and teach local dances native to Indonesia as one of the dances are in the interest of the subject. Besides creativity, promotion factors also play an important role. Promote their Indonesian Arts to foreign countries with interesting ideas and unique. Thus Indonesian Arts gained international recognition and is not easy to duplicate. Do not ever get bored in the creative, cultural lestarikanlah Indonesia, quicken your identity as bangssa Indonesia. A few of my speech. Thank you for your attention.

Primate Behavior: Chimpanzees Essay

Million years ago, it is believed that the chimpanzees, unable to construct technology that makes migration possible, have remained marooned for more than five million years in a small corner of Africa. The popular assumption of a closeness between human and chimpanzee intelligence is that the fact that the brain of the chimpanzee has remained at about 500 cc while that of the human has advanced to about 1300 cc. Chimpanzee as believed is our closest relative, yet the human brain is more than two and a half time larger than that of a chimpanzee, a human intelligence is a thing part. The wild chimpanzee teaches it’s young very little. But does the young chimpanzee suffer? No. For everything the parent does the young chimpanzee learns to do itself, without parental training. Even the most complex acts of the adult chimpanzee –nut cracking, termite fishing, water sponging – do not depend on parental assistance. A chimpanzee mother allows her infant to eat the nuts she has cracked; she tolerates her infant as it leans heavily on her while she is busy doing her task; but she never turns away from her own successful nut cracking to watch the efforts of her infant. Although the chimpanzee mother does not assist her infant by acting as a watchful pedagogue, the manner of motivation is taken place by the repeating observation of her infant. In other words, by watching its mother, the infant â€Å"get hooked† on the problem and thus, as a result solving problem made easy. While these acts do not occur in all chimpanzees, they are nevertheless species-specific acts which all chimpanzees have a potential. With respect to temperament and sex behavior, bonobo and chimpanzee have no serious comparison in their cognitive performances. Copulation in bonobo acts in various positions whereas chimpanzee copulation is dorso-ventral position. This difference sometimes taken to indicate a lack of imagination on the part of the male chimpanzee is due to an anatomical difference . The sex skin of the female chimpanzee makes ventral-ventral copulation impossible, whereas the sex skin of the bonobo can accommodate all sexual connections. Bonobos are easier to work with and far less aggressive than chimpanzees. Sexual activity in the bonobo is not confined to adult heterosexual pairs but is commonly engaged in between adult and child, female and female etc. Bonobos are far less aggressive than chimpanzees, and thus are easier to work with. In conclusion, primate behavior can be compared with human behavior, a close one. Evolution as some books say, chimpanzees are our early relatives. Footprints show that they left evidence of closeness, a study wherein we have common ancestors.

Amnesty Essay

Ever since we started campaigning in 1961, we’ve worked around the globe to stop the abuse of human rights. Amnesty International – Goals and strategy AI aims to maintain every human’s basic rights as established under the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights. In accordance with this belief, Amnesty works to: †¢Free all Prisoners of Conscience (a â€Å"POC† is a person imprisoned for the peaceful exercise of their beliefs, which differs somewhat from the typical use of the term political prisoner). †¢Ensure fair and prompt trials. †¢Abolish all forms of torture and ill-treatment of prisoners, including the use of the death penalty. End state-sanctioned terrorism, killings, and disappearances. Amnesty International works to combat individual offences (e. g. one man imprisoned for distributing banned literature in Saudi Arabia) as well as more general policies (e. g. the recently overturned policy of executing juvenile offenders in certain U. S. states). Amnesty works primarily on the local level but its forty-year history of action and its Nobel Peace Prize give it international recognition. Most AI members utilize letter-writing to get their message across. When the central Amnesty International organization finds and validates to its satisfaction instances of human rights abuse, they notify each of more than 7,000 local groups as well as over one million independent members, including 300,000 in the United States alone. Groups and members then respond by writing letters of protest and concern to a government official closely involved in the case, generally without mentioning Amnesty directly. Amnesty International follows a neutrality policy called the â€Å"country rule† stating that members should not be active in issues in their own nation, which also protects them from potential mistreatment by their own government. This principle is also applied to researchers and campaigners working for the International Secretariat to prevent domestic political loyalties influencing coverage. Recently, Amnesty has expanded the scope of its work to include economic, social and cultural rights, saying that these concerns had arisen out of its traditional work on political and civil rights. Its 2004 annual report said that â€Å"it is difficult to achieve sustainable progress towards implementation of any one human right in isolation. †¦ AI will strive to †¦ assert a holistic view of rights protection. It will be particularly important to do so in relation to extreme poverty, and the human rights issues underlying poverty. â€Å"[2] As an example it asserts that â€Å"The right to effective political participation depends on a free media, but also on an educated and literate population. â€Å"[3]

Etihad airways Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Etihad airways - Essay Example The company has essentially covered a wider market within the short period of time. Etihad Airways has effective marketing mixing strategies that comprise of short-term policies and the long term objectives. The company’s short term strategies are increasing costs while increasing yield as well as maintaining customer value throughout and starting a status quo development of providing luxury at the least cost. Long term strategies are aimed at increasing profits by more than 5-10%, increasing customer value by 8-10% by the end of 2015 and increasing the number of staffs by 15% as well as increasing inbound holidays to Abu Dhabi by 2030. Etihad Airways segregates its services in Etihad Diamond first class and Etihad pearl Business class which is integrated with actual staff provision and the multi-cuisine availability on board. The augmentation and differentiation of the services provided by the airline company gives it maximum competitive advantage over other competitors such as Emirates Airlines, Air Arabia, Fly Dubai, and Qatar airways (Travel and Tourism News Middle East 2013, n.p). Etihad Airways has an advantage in Abu Dhabi since it is the center of tourism attraction and therefore the company has chauffer service in Abu Dhabi airport and many other airports for the first class and business class passengers. The company also uses another marketing strategy of providing 24 hour departure facilities which is different from other companies and an early hour arrival which is only unique and identifiable with the company. Furthermore, the company uses market penetration pricing strategy that is intended to increase its market share through delivering same services at same price as compared to other competitors. The company has well trained staffs which gives it high prospects particularly in its luxurious segments which made it notch very high in customer benchmarking. The company has had bundled pricing efforts

Asda and Tesco - Restructuring to reflect multichannel markets Assignment

Asda and Tesco - Restructuring to reflect multichannel markets - Assignment Example Therefore, the study has utilized different leadership theories to explain the required traits and skills for the new managerial positions. The report is based on the study of the current restructuring plans of Asda and Tesco, the two retail giants of the UK. This report has also emphasised on different theories of leadership practices in any business environment, to understand the relevance of these theories in the restructuring plans of Asda and Tesco. Tesco Plc. is one of the leading supermarket chains in the UK. Tesco has its stores in 12 countries worldwide and it generally deals with food, books, clothes, electronic gadgets and furniture. The company is successfully restructuring its multichannel market operations over a period of time. In this process, they are redeploying near about 100 staffs to new job roles. They are also creating several vacancies across the organisation. Their initiative called â€Å"Building tomorrow’s Tesco† is focused on achieving the global multichannel leadership (Channel management, 2014). Asda stores Ltd. is a renowned name in the retail industry of the UK. The organisa tion deals in grocery items, general merchandise, clothes and toys. Following the trend of Tesco, Asda is also focusing on a massive restructuring of its multichannel business operations. They are creating near about 5670 new roles for various departments of its multichannel operations (Harrison, 2014). These restructuring plans are massively changing leadership roles and responsibilities of several employees in these organisations. The importance of different leadership theories on the success of the restructuring plans of these organisations have been described in this report. Leadership in an organisation describes the role where leaders utilize the available resource and capabilities of a team to attain a common goal. The

Kupreskic et al., Trial Chamber, Judgment, 14 January 2000, Case no Research Paper

Kupreskic et al., Trial Chamber, Judgment, 14 January 2000, Case no. IT-95-16-T - Research Paper Example The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia was created in the context of the United Nations aiming to criticize the military activities developed in the greater area of Balkans during the 1990s. A particular decision of this Court is examined in this paper: the case Kupreskic et al. (no. IT-95-16-T); the justification of the Court’s decision on the above case is presented and explored. The role of this decision on the development of customary law is also examined; the involvement of humanitarian law in the establishment of customary law is criticized. One of the most important contributions of the above case seems to be its role in the expansion of customary law: it is held that principles of humanitarian law can be applied even when such case is not clearly stated in the national law – the customary law is expected to be used in order to develop such schemes; the relevant initiatives can be justified by referring to the humanity or the public interes t – an issue that is analytically explored through the case law developed in the specific field – in addition with the case under examination. In accordance with the Court’s decision – par. 531 – in the case under examination ‘a customary rule of the international law has emerged’; the existence of this rule is justified by referring to the ‘requirements of humanity and the dictates of public conscience’1; at this point, it would be necessary to identify the Chamber’s way of determining rules of customary law in the field of international humanitarian law. Of particular importance would be at this point the reference to the view of Kwakwa who mentioned that a reprisal action can be regarded as opposing the international customary law mostly because these initiatives are expected to have ‘injurious effects on a civilian population’;2 in other words,